|
Teaching GuideTerm Faculty of Educational Studies |
| Grao en Logopedia |
 Subjects |
| Physiology of the Organs of Hearing and Speech |
| Contents |
| Identifying Data | 2023/24 | |||||||||||||
| Subject | Physiology of the Organs of Hearing and Speech | Code | 652G04006 | |||||||||||
| Study programme |
|
|||||||||||||
| Descriptors | Cycle | Period | Year | Type | Credits | |||||||||
| Graduate | 2nd four-month period |
First | Basic training | 6 | ||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||
| Topic | Sub-topic |
| Theoretical Classes: I. General Physiology (1.8 ECTS) Rationale and Context: This section encompasses the study of general functions that are common to all cells, as well as general aspects of physiology that will appear repeatedly throughout the course. |
Functional organization of the human body. Internal environment. Homeostasis. Physiology of organs and systems. Contribution of different apparatuses and systems to the organism's function. Functions of the cell membrane. Transport of ions and molecules across the cell membrane. Membrane receptors, second messengers, and intracellular signaling. Electrical properties of the membrane. Ionic equilibria. Equilibrium potential. Nernst equation. Resting membrane potential. Passive properties of nerves. Excitable membranes. Action potential. Ionic mechanisms. Ion channels. Conduction of the action potential. Synaptic transmission. Types of synapses. Neuromuscular junction. Phenomena occurring during synaptic transmission. Activation of the postsynaptic cell. Synaptic modulation. Neuronal integration. Neurotransmitters. Muscle contraction. Types of muscles. Skeletal muscle. Molecular mechanisms of muscle contraction. Energetics of muscle contraction. Excitation-contraction coupling. Tetanus and fatigue. Motor unit. Smooth muscle. Control systems of organism functions: nervous and hormonal mechanisms. |
| II. Respiratory and Phonatory Physiology (1.3 ECTS) Rationale: This section focuses on the various functions of the respiratory system, including the physiology of phonation and swallowing. |
Organization of the Respiratory and Circulatory Systems. General functions and organization of each segment of both systems. Physiology of the airways. The respiratory membrane and gas exchange at the pulmonary level. Factors affecting gas diffusion across the respiratory membrane. Respiratory muscles. Mechanics of respiratory movements. Lung volumes and capacities. Alveolar ventilation. Elastic properties of the lung. Alveolar surface tension: pulmonary surfactant. Pulmonary pressures and resistances. Respiratory work. Control of respiration: respiratory centers. Nervous control of respiration. Pulmonary reflexes. Chemical control of respiration. Physiology of the orofacial organs. Physiology of the larynx. Physiology of resonating and articulating organs. Swallowing: mechanisms and nervous control. Salivary secretion: glands, functions, and composition of saliva. Regulation of salivary secretion. |
| III. Neurophysiology (2.4 ECTS) Rationale and Context: This section focuses on the physiology of the sensory and motor nervous system, as well as the higher functions of the central nervous system (CNS). Sensory physiology is presented systematically according to different modalities, with special emphasis on the process of hearing. The motor nervous system is organized based on levels of function (spinal and supraspinal control). Finally, a few topics are dedicated to the study of higher functions of the CNS in general, with a specific focus on language. |
Functional Organization of the Nervous System. Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System. Mechanisms of Brain Protection and Nutrition. Cells of the Nervous System: Neurons and Glia. Physiology of the Sensory Systems: Generalities. Sensations and Perceptions. Attributes of Sensations. Sensory Modalities. Types of Sensory Receptors. Transduction of Stimulus. Encoding of Sensory Information. Sensory Circuits. Physiology of the Ear I: Principles of Acoustics. Nature of Sound. Physical Properties of Sound. Intensity, Pitch, and Frequency. External Ear and Middle Ear. Physiology of the Ear II: Inner Ear. Basilar Membrane. Transduction in Hair Cells. Frequency Discrimination. Tonotopic Organization. Inner Hair Cells. Outer Hair Cells. Auditory Pathway. Central Processing of Auditory Information. Encoding Sound Frequency and Intensity. Sound Localization in Space. Auditory Evoked Potentials. Sensory Pathologies: Hearing Loss. Cochlear Implants and Cortical Implants. Vestibular Function. Vestibular Stimuli. Otolith Organs. Semicircular Canals. Transduction in Vestibular Hair Cells. Vestibular Reflexes. General Organization of Motor Systems. Types of Movement. Regulation of Contraction Force. Muscle Spindle. Golgi Tendon Organ. Motor Functions of the Spinal Cord. Reflex Movements. Locomotion. Motor Functions of the Brainstem, Basal Ganglia, Cerebellum, and Cerebral Cortex. Corticospinal and Corticobulbar Tracts. Cerebellum: Functional Organization. Functions in Movement Control. Higher Functions of the Nervous System. Associative Areas. Evolution and Development of Language. Brain Areas Related to Language. Broca's Area. Wernicke's Area. Other Language-Related Cortical Areas. Dominant Hemisphere. Bilingualism. Sign Language. Aphasias. Types of Aphasias. Broca's Aphasia. Wernicke's Aphasia. Mixed Aphasias. Other Aphasias. Causes of Aphasias. |
| IV. Techniques for Studying the Nervous System (0.5 ECTS) Rationale: All the techniques explained in this section are commonly used in clinical practice and research. Although this block is located at the end of the program, it will be interspersed throughout other topics as references to these techniques arise. |
Electroencephalogram (EEG) and Evoked Potentials. Imaging Techniques: Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). Magnetoencephalography (MEG) and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS). |
|
