| Topic |
Sub-topic |
| 1. Introduction to Chemical Thermodynamics. |
Previous concepts and mathematical properties |
| 2. The principles of Thermodynamics. |
First law: internal energy, enthalpy, heat capacities. Second law: entropy, calculating the entropy change in simple systems. |
| 3. Thermodynamic potentials and evolution of systems |
Equilibrium conditions in closed systems: the Gibbs and Helmholtz functions. Thermodynamic relationships for a closed system. Applications: thermodynamic equations of state, the difference between the heat capacities, the Joule-Thomson coefficient. |
| 4. Thermodynamics standard reaction functions |
Standard enthalpy: Kirchhoff's and Hess's law. Standard Entropy: the third law of thermodynamics, conventional entropy determination. Standard Gibbs energy. Using thermodynamic tables. |
| 5. Thermodynamics of systems of variable composition |
The chemical potential. Partial molar properties. Material equilibrium conditions: phase equilibrium and chemical equilibrium. |
| 6. Gas state thermodynamics |
The ideal gas: chemical potential and properties, ideal gas mixture. Real gases: equation of state and fugacity, fugacity calculation. |
| 7.Phase equilibria in systems of one component |
The phase rule. Phase diagram for one-component systems. Clapeyron and Clausius-Clapeyron equations. Classification of phase transitions. |
| 8. Solutions |
Ideal solution: Raoult's Law. Ideally dilute solution: Henry's Law. Mixing functions. Nonideal solutions of nonelectrolytes: activity and activity coefficients, the Gibbs-Duhem equation, excess functions. Solutions of electrolytes: the activity coefficient of ionic species. |
| 9. Phase equilibria in multicomponent systems |
Liquid-vapor equilibrium: ideal solution at constant T and P constant, fractional distillation, azeotropic mixtures. Liquid-liquid equilibrium: miscibility. Solid-liquid equilibrium: temperature-composition diagrams, simple eutectic, compound formation with congruent and incongruent melting, thermal analysis. Solution-crystalline solid equilibrium. Colligative properties: freezing point depression, boiling point elevation, osmotic pressure, vapor-pressure lowering. Nernst's distribution law. |
| 10. Chemical equilibrium |
Chemical equilibrium in gas mixtures: the equilibrium constant, changes in chemical equilibrium-Le Chatelier's principle. Chemical equilibrium in solution. Chemical equilibrium with pure solids and liquids. |
| 11. Surface thermodynamics |
The interface: surface tension. Curved interfaces: capillary rise. Adsorption on solid: physisorption and chemisorption, adsorption isotherms. |
| 12. Electrochemical equilibrium |
Electrochemical systems. Thermodynamics of electrochemical systems: the electrochemical potential. Galvanic and electrolytic cells. Nernst equation and standard electrode potentials. Types of reversible electrodes. Liquid junction potentials. Determination of thermodynamic parameters. |
Subjects