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Faculty of Science
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Grao en Bioloxía
 Subjects
  Microscopic Organography
   Contents
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Theory syllabus of Vegetal microscopic organography

Theory syllabus of Vegetal microscopic organography

Topic 1.- The root: Generalities. Histogénesis.


- Primary structure: Internal organization of the root. Origin and development of the lateral roots.

- Secondary structure. Anomalous secondary growth.

Topic 2.- The stem: General characteristics. Origin.

- Primary structure: Internal organization of the stem in angiosperms and gymnosperms. Differentiation and distribution of the vascular system.
- Typical secondary structure (dicot-and gymnosperms). Secondary growth in monocotiledonean plants. Anomalous secondary growth.

Topic 3.- The leaf: Generalities. Origin and development of the vegetative leaf.

- Organization of the leaves of angiosperms and gymnosperms: Epidermis, mesophill and vascular system. Structure of the petiole. Leaf abscisión.

-Structural adaptations of the leaves to the environment.

Topic 4.-The flower. General organization. Origin. Histological structure: sepals and petals. Vascularization.




-Male flower. Structure and histology of the androecium. Microsporogénesis in angiosperms. Polinic tube

- Female flower. Structure and histology of the gynoecium. Placentatión. Macrosporogenesis. Fertilization

Theory syllabus of Animal microscopic organography Theory syllabus of Animal microscopic organography

Topic 5.- Integumentary System (Mammalian skin). Structural characters. Epidermis. Dermis. Hypodermis. Irrigation. Innervatión.




- Cutaneous annexes: Sebaceous and sweat skin glands. Structure of skin appendages: hair follicles and nails.
Topic 6.- Digestive tract of mammal. Generalities and organization.


- Part I. Oral cavity: Lips, palate, tongue. Pharynx. Histological organization of the gut wall. Oesophagus. Stomach: Structure and cell types of the gastric glands (cardial, fundic and pyloric)

- Part II. Small intestine: General structure. Villi and crypts. Regional specializations (duodenum, yeyuno and ileon). Large intestine: Structure of the colon, appendix, rectum and anus).

Topic 7.-. Mammal respiratory system. Anatomical organization.

- Part I. Structure of the upper conducting airway : Nose, nasopharinx, larynx, trachea and bronchial tree (until terminal bronchioles)

-Part II. Structure of the respiratory portion: respiratory bronchioles, alveolar conducts, alveolar sacs and alveoli. Alveolar septum and the alveolus - capillary complex. Lung: irrigation and inervación.

Topic 8.-Mammal excretory system. Kidney anatomical organization. Structure of the nephron: parts and histological constitution.



- Part I. The renal corpuscle and the filtration barrier. Tubular system: Proximal tubule. Loop of Henle. Distal tubule. Structural features of the juxtaglomerular complex. Mesangium.

- Part II. The renal interstice. Collecting tubules and collecting ducts. Urinary tract: renal pelvis, ureter, bladder and urethra. Innervation and irrigation.


Topic 9.-. Male reproductive system of mammals. Testicular histology: Microscopic structure of the seminiferous tubules and interstitial tissue.

- Part I. Excretory genital ducts: Structure of the straight tubules, rete testis, efferent ducts, epididymis, vas deferent, ejaculatory duct.

- Part II. Accesory sex glands: Structure of the seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbouretral glands . Structure of the penis and erectil tissue.

Topic 10.-Female reproductive system. Microscopic structure of the ovary. Development of the ovarian follicles. Corpus luteum. Corpus albicans and interstitial tissue.


- Part I. The genital tract: Oviducts structure, uterus and vagina. Changes in the uterine mucosa

- ParteII. The external genitalia organs (vestibule, clitoris and vulva).



Topic 11.- The central nervous system
- Part I. Histogenesis and general organization of the central nervous system of vertebrates. Alar and basal plates. Gray and white matter. The vesicles and encephalic ventricles. Meninges. Microscopic structure of the choroid plexus: The cerebrospinal fluid..

- Part II. Study of the cerebellar cortex and spinal cord.


Topic 12.- The endocrine system of mammals. Introduction.
- Part I. Endocrine glands. Hipophysis: Histogenesis. Organization and cell types of the adenohipophysis. Structure of the neurohypophysis (neurosecretory systems). Pineal gland (Histogenesis and organization).

- Part II. Suprarrenales glands (histogenesis and estructural organización of the cortex and medulla). Thyroid and parathyroid glands.

- Part II.


-Practical class (laboratory) Syllabus


- Observation and identification of plant tissues and organs in microscopic preparations of roots, stems, leaves and flowers. Interpretation of micrographs and layouts

- Observation, identification and interpretation of the different organs in animals and microscopic preparations micrographs
Microscopic Vexetal Organography practices:












- The root. Study of the roots adaptations to the environment: Air (orchid), water (Elodea) and soils plants (lilac). Study of the cross section of the pine young secondary root.

- Study of the stem secondary structure: Observation of the cross section of a secondary dicotyledon stem (grape stem). Cross section of Cucurbit secondary stem.

- The leaf. Study of leaf adaptations in cross sections of hydrophytes, xerophytes and mesophytes plants. Structure of C3 and C4 plants leaves.




Microscopic Animal Organography practices:

- Study of the Central Nervous System: Microscopic structure of neural cortex of the cerebellum.

- The endocrine system: Study of the Hypophysis gland. The adrenal glands. The thyroid gland.

- Digestive system: Microscopic study of the of the stomach wall at the fundus level . Study of the small intestine at the level of the duodenum jejunum and ileum Wall specializations . – Observation of the Large intestine (colon).

- Urinary system: Microscopic study of the kidney structure (córtex and medulla levels)

- Male Reproductive System: Study of the seminiferous epithelium structure in transverse sections of the seminiferous tubules.

-Female Reproductive System: Microscopic study of the ovarian follicles in the ovarian cortex. Corpus luteum, and corpus albicans.
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