| Topic |
Sub-topic |
B1T1.- INTRODUCTION
|
Current concept of biotechnology. History and development of biotechnology. Perspectives. |
| B1T2.- BIOTECHNOLOGY OF THE FERMENTATION |
Classification of microbial fermentations. The traditional fermentation industries. Examples. The operating mode in fermentation processes. |
| B1T3.- GENES CLONATION |
Purposes of the molecular cloning. Basic stages of the gene cloning. To obtain the DNA. DNA fragmentation: restriction enzymes. Union of DNA molecules. Basic techniques: electrophoresis and hybridization. |
| B1T4.- CLONATION VECTORS |
Concept of DNA vector. Organization of the vectors and types
|
| B1T5.- LIBRARY |
Concept of library. Gene banks of genomic DNA. cDNA gene banks. Gene banks of expression. Amplification, storage and replication of gene banks. Techniques for the identification of clones. Strategies to confirm the validity of the clone. DNA microarrays. |
| B1T6.- TRANSFORMATION |
Transformation systems. Selection of recombinants. Gene expression and its amplification. |
| B1T7.- POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION |
Fundamentals of the method. Automation. Components and reaction conditions. The design of primers. Fidelity of the reaction. Polymerases. Major variants and their applications |
| B1T8.- PRODUCTION OF HETEROLOGOUS PROTEINS IN BACTERIA AND YEATS |
Selection of micro-organisms. Vectors of expression and/or secretion. Expression in transformed cells. Secretion. Stability. The process of recovery and downstream purification. Industrial applications. Examples. |
| B1T9.-PRODUCTION OF HETEROLOGOUS PROTEINS IN ANIMAL CELLS |
Genetic manipulation of animal cells. Vectors of expression and production of proteins in mammalian cells. Expression of proteins mediated by baculovirus in insect cell cultures. Comparison of the industrial production of heterologous proteins in cultures of bacteria, yeasts and animal cells. |
| B1T10.- TRANSGENIC ANIMALS |
Introduction of modified genes into the genome. Pure transgenic and transgenic chimera. Homologous recombination. Specific regulation of transgenes. Gene inactivation. Antisense RNA. Ribozymes. Cell ablation. Applications as study models. Commercial applications. Cloning in mammals. |
| B1T11.- GENETIC ENGINEERING OF PLANTS |
In vitro cultures. Techniques of manipulation. The use of markers in diagnosis, improvement and conservation of biodiversity. Resistance of plants against infections, stress and pests. Plants producing proteins of economic interest. Transgenic plant field trials. |
| B2T1.-APPLICATIONS OF ENZYMES IN BIOTECHNOLOGY PROCESSES |
Historical perspective. The development of the enzyme industry. |
| B2T2.- PRODUCTION OF ENZYMES TO INDUSTRIAL SCALE |
Source selection of the enzyme. New methods of screening. Extremophiles. Post-fermentation processing. |
| B2T3.- ENZYMATIC STABILITY |
Introduction. Industrial importance of enzymatic stability. Factors influencing stability. Models of deactivation. Stabilization of enzymes. |
| B2T4.- IMMOBILIZATION OF BIOCATALYSTS. GENERALITIES |
Immobilized biocatalyzer concept. Advantages and disadvantages of the heterogeneous catalysis versus homogeneous catalysis. Historical development. The choice of the biocatalyzer and the method. Cofactors Immobilization. Experimental determination of the enzyme activity with enzymes or immobilized cells. |
| B2T5.- SYSTEMS OF IMMOBILIZATION |
Adsorption. Entrapment. Covalent bonding. New immobilization systems based on recombinant DNA technology. The use of enzymes in organic solvents and in two-phase aqueous systems. |
| B2T6.- EFFECTS OF IMMOBILIZATION ON THE ACTIVITY OF THE BIOCATALYST |
Effects on the enzyme molecule. Effects of partition and dissemination. Heterogeneous Catalysis with viable cells. |
| B2T7.- APPLICATIONS OF IMMOBILIZED BIOCATALYSTS |
Enzyme bioreactors. Use in the food industry. Enzymes immobilized as therapeutic agents. Analytical applications. Artificial organs. |
| B2T8.- BIOSENSORS |
Concept. Functional units of a biosensor. Main fields of application. The biological reaction. Types of biosensors. |
| B2T9.- DESIGN OF PROTEINS |
Introduction. Engineering versus protein design. Recognition of preserved areas and with important functional in protein families. From de protein sequence to the structure: prediction. Design of new protein structures. Site-directed mutagenesis techniques. Hybrid proteins. |
| B2T10.- ENGINEERING OF PROTEINS |
The artificial evolution of proteins. Strategies. Variants of DNA shuffling. Phage and yeast display. |
| B2T11.- PROTEINS OF DESIGN IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIOSENSORS |
Concept of generic biosensor. Modification of proteins to adapt them to its function in biosensors. |
| B3T1.-PRODUCTION OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES |
Fundamentals. The technique of production of monoclonal antibodies. Applications. |
| B3T2.- RECOMBINANT MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES |
Humanized monoclonal antibodies. Design monoclonal antibodies. Construction of catalytic antibodies (abzymes). |
| B3T3.- STRATEGIES AND METHODS FOR OBTAINING VACCINES |
Classical systems for the production of vaccines. Antigenic determinants. Subunit vaccines. DNA vaccines. Safety of vaccines derived from biotechnology. |
| B3T4.- APPLICATIONS OF THE BIOTECHNOLOGY IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY |
Heterologous therapeutic proteins. Modified therapeutic proteins. Rational design of drugs. Pharmacogenomics. |
| B3T5.- MOTHER CELLS |
Concept. Types. Current state of research and applications. |
| B3T6.- APPLICATION OF THE BIOTECHNOLOGY IN THE FORENSIC MEDICINE |
Traces of DNA. Analysis of mini-satellite by Southern blotting. PCR-based methodologies. |
| B3T7.- BIOTECHNOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF MILK WHEY |
Pollution problem and reuse of milk whey |
| B3T8.- THE USE OF LIGNOCELULOSIC RESIDUES |
Importance and possibilities of use. |
| B3T9.- ETHICAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF THE BIOTECHNOLOGY |
Safety of the biotechnology industries. The importance of the public opinion. Socio-political guidelines. Intellectual property. Patents. Modern biotechnology regulation: a historical perspective. |
Subjects