Consideracións xerais:

O alumno disporá de dúas oportunidades
oficiais para superar a materia (final de cuadrimestre e xullo). Así
mesmo, realizaranse 2 exames parciais teóricos e un exame práctico
liberatorios ao longo do cuadrimestre.

Como xa se indicou, as prácticas son obrigatorias e necesaria a súa realización para superar a materia.

A cualificación de Non
Presentado aplicarase no caso de que o estudante non
se presentase ás probas correspondentes nas oportunidades oficiais de avaliación.

Aspectos e criterios de avaliación:

1. Alumnado con dedicación completa

Na
oportunidade de final de cuadrimestre teranse en conta, para o cómputo
da cualificación global, os distintos apartados recollidos no sistema de
avaliación, debéndose superar cada un destes para proceder ao cálculo
da cualificación final (global). Como xa se indicou, realizaranse dous
exames parciais teóricos escritos (e un práctico) durante o período
lectivo da materia (o primeiro dos parciais representará un 40%, mentres
que o segundo suporá o 60%), así como un exame final para os alumnos
que ou ben non superasen devanditos exames teóricos e/ou práctico, ou
ben non se presentaran aos mesmos, representando o 65% da cualificación final. O exame práctico suporá o 20% da cualificación final. A realización das actividades expostas (proba obxectiva) durante as sesións en grupo reducido suporá o 10% da cualificación final,
mentres que a asistencia e participación activa nas clases teóricas
(maxistrais e sesións en grupo reducido) e prácticas suporá o 5% da cualificación final.

Na
oportunidade final de xullo poderase/n recuperar a/s parte/s non
superada/s, teórica (no seu conxunto) e/ou práctica, representando éstas
o 80% e o 20% da cualificación final, respectivamente.

2. Alumnado con recoñecemento de dedicación a
tempo parcial e dispensa académica de exención de asistencia

Tanto
na oportunidade de final de cuadrimestre como na oportunidade final de
xullo teranse en conta, para o
cómputo da cualificación global, a calificación obtida no exame teórico e
a correspondente á parte práctica (ver máis arriba formato de ambolos
dous exames), representando éstas o 80% e o 20% da cualificación final, respectivamente.

Nota:
Para que se teñan en conta as cualificacións nas distintas actividades
suxeitas a avaliación é preciso superar (alcanzar o 50% da
cualificación) cada un dos apartados que integran o devandito sistema de
avaliación. De non alcanzarse dita puntuación nalgunha delas e aínda
que a media dos distintos apartados sexa igual ou superior a 5 (sobre
10) a materia figurará como suspensa e a cualificación de 4,9.

Learning outcomes	Study programme competences
To know the basic structure of the different plant and animal tissues.	A1 A29	B3 B4 B8
To differentiate the different types of plant and animal tissues in microscopic preparations and pictures.	A1 A5 A11 A29 A30	B3 B4
To understand the importance of the functional interrelationship between the different tissues that make up the plant and animal organs.	A1	B3
To know the basic structure of the different organs (plant and animals organs).	A1 A29	B3 B4 B8
To understand and become familiar with the terminology, methodology and literature in Histology.	A4 A30 A31	B3 B4 B5 B8

Topic	Sub-topic
Lesson 1. Introduction to Histology.	Histology as subject. Concept of tissue, organ and system. Methods of study in Histology.
Lesson 2. Plant cell wall.	General characteristics. Functions. Components. Biosynthesis of cell wall components. Structure: middle lamella, primary wall and secondary wall. Origin. Growth of the cell wall. Plasmodesmata and pits.
Lesson 3. Internal organization of the vascular plant body.	Overview. Development of the vascular plant body. Primary growth and secondary growth. Organs and tissues of the plant body. Classification of the plant tissues. Distribution of the plant tissues.
Lesson 4. Meristems.	Concept. Characteristics and function of meristematic cells. Cell division. Classification. Primary meristems: concept, types, location and function. Secondary meristems: concept, types, location and function.
Lesson 5. Simple plant tissues.	Parenchyma. Characteristics of parenchyma cells. Origin. Distribution. Types and functions of parenchyma. Collenchyma. Characteristics of collenchyma cells. Origin. Distribution. Types and functions of collenchyma. Sclerenchyma. General characteristics, Sclereids and fibers: structure, distribution, origin, types and function.
Lesson 6. Vascular tissues I.	Xylem. General characteristics and function. Components. Conducting elements (tracheids and vessel elements): structure, origin and differentiation. Vessels: concept and types. No conducting elements: parenchyma and sclerenchyma. Classification. Primary xylem: protoxylem and metaxylem. Types. Secondary xylem: formation and organization. Growth rings. Sapwood and heartwood.
Lesson 7. Vascular tisues II.	Phloem. General characteristics and function. Components. Conducting elements (sieve cells and sieve-tube elements): structure, origin and differentiation. Albuminous cells and companion cells. No conducting elements: parenchyma and sclerenchyma. Classification. Primary phloem: protophloem and metaphloem. Secondary phloem: formation and organization. Vascular bundles.
Lesson 8. Protective tissues.	Epidermis. General characteristics. Distribution, origin and functions. Structure of ordinary epidermal cells. Cuticle: structure, composition and function. Stomata: structure, origin, distribution, function and classification. Trichomes: concept, function and classification. Periderm. Concept. Location, origin and function. Components: cork, phellogen and phelloderm. Lenticels. Secondary bark.
Lesson 9. Secretory structures in plants.	Concept. Secretion in plants. Classification. External secretory structures. Internal secretory structures.
Lesson 10. Introduction to animal histology.	Animal tissues: general characteristics, functions and classification. Fecundation and early embryogenesis. Histogenesis. Embryonic origin of the animal tissues.
Lesson 11. Epithelia I.	Concept of epithelium. Origin. Functions. Characteristics. Basal lamina. Polarity. Specialized structures in epithelial surfaces. Nutrition. Innervation. Renewal and regeneration of epithelia. General classification: criteria. Covering epithelia: classification, types and distribution.
Lesson 12. Epithelia II.	Glandular epithelium. General characteristics. Classification. Glands. Exocrine glands: structure, classification and function. Endocrine glands: concept, location, organization, cellular types and function.
Lesson 13. Connective tissue.	Concept. General characters. Origin. Functions. Classification. Connective tissue: cellular types and extracellular matrix. Types of connective tissue: mesenchymal tissue, mucous tissue, loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue, reticular tissue and elastic tissue.
Lesson 14. Adipose tissue.	General characteristics. Functions. Types. White adipose tissue: cytological characteristics, distribution, physiology and origin. Brown adipose tissue: cytological characteristics, distribution, physiology and origin.
Lesson 15. Cartilage.	General characteristics. Functions. Perichondrium. Cells. Matrix. Histogenesis and growth of the cartilage. Types of cartilage: hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage and fibrocartilage.
Lesson 16. Bone.	General characteristics. Functions. Periosteum and endosteum. Bone cells. Bone matrix. Bone organization. Classification of bone: primary and secondary bone. Macroscopic structure: spongy bone and compact bone. Microscopic structure of the bone: lamellae. Histogenesis of bone: general considerations. Intramembranous bone formation and endochondral bone formation. Bone remodeling.
Lesson 17. Blood.	General characteristics. Functions. Constituents. Plasma. Formed elements of blood. Erythrocytes. Leukocytes: granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils) and agranulocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). Platelets. Structure and function. Hemopoiesis: concept. Bone marrow and blood cells formation.
Lesson 18. Introduction to the immune system.	General characteristics. Components (types): innate immune system and adaptive immune system. Cells of the immune system. Immunoglobulins. Complement system. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity.
Lesson 19. Muscle I.	General characteristics. Types and functions. Skeletal muscle. Organization. Skeletal muscle cell (fiber): structure and origin. Myofibrils. Neuromuscular junction. Contraction.
Lesson 20. Muscle II.	Cardiac muscle and smooth muscle. Cardiac muscle: general features. Structure of the cardiac muscle cells. Intercalated disks. Cardionector system. Regulation. Smooth muscle: general characteristics. Structure of the smooth muscle cells. Contraction of smooth muscle. Regulation. Organization. Distribution.
Lesson 21. Nervous tissue I.	General characteristics and cells of nervous tissue. Organization. Neuron: structure, function and classification. Neuroglial cells: general characteristics, types, origin and function. Central neuroglial cells: types, structure and function. Peripheral neuroglial cells: types, structure and function.
Lesson 22. Nervous tissue II.	Nerve fibers and nervous impulse. Nerve fibers: generalities and classification. Amielinic nerve fibres. Mielinic nerve fibres: generalities. Structure of myelin sheath. Peripheral nerves. Generation and transmission of the nervous impulse. Synapses: Concept and classification. Electrical synapses. Chemical synapses: structure, function and types. Neurotransmitters.
Practical sessions	-Tissue preparation -Leaf structure -Stem structure: stems in primary and secondary growth -Root structure: primary roots in monocot and dicots -Epithelial and connective tissues (in pancreas, thyroid and trachea sections) -Bone: compact bone and endochondral bone formation -Blood -Striated and smooth muscle tissues -Nervous system: neurons and neuroglia cells in vertebrate central nervous system sections

Methodologies / tests	Competencies	Ordinary class hours	Student’s personal work hours	Total hours
Introductory activities		1	0	1
Guest lecture / keynote speech	A29 A1	26	65	91
Laboratory practice	A1 A4 A5 A11 A29 A30 A31 B3 B4 B5	15	25.5	40.5
Collaborative learning	A1 A29 B3 B5 B8	6	6	12
Objective test	A1 A29 B3 B5 B8	2	0	2
Mixed objective/subjective test	A1 A29 B4 B8	3	0	3

Personalized attention		0.5	0	0.5

(*)The information in the planning table is for guidance only and does not take into account the heterogeneity of the students.

Methodologies	Description
Introductory activities	A first session to the presentation of the course where the various sections contained in the teaching guide will be presented will be devoted (learning aims, contents, methodologies, assessment, sources of information...), and where the student may raise any doubt or question regarding the same. Also a printed version of this teaching guide and a detailed schedule of the activities will be delivered. This documentation, along with a full version of the teaching guide, will be available to the student in the Moodle platform.
Guest lecture / keynote speech	Throughout the semester, 26 lectures of 50 minutes about the basic contents will be taught. Professor will explain the theoretical aspects of the subject help of drawings, diagrams and computer presentations (these contents, along with links to other files and web pages, videos..., will be available to the student in the Moodle platform). Professor will also resolve issues raised by the student. Explanations of the lectures will be assimilated by the student through the development of notes and subsequent study with the help of the recommended literature. Also, it is recommended that the student has previously reviewed the fundamental aspects of these lessons.
Laboratory practice	A total of 15 hours of laboratory practice will be given, and these will be mandatory (and its realization required to pass the subject). Practical sessions will consist of observing different slides and identification of tissues and organs (both plant and animal), also addressing the fundamentals of basic histological techniques and applications thereof. During these sessions, professor will present the objectives of the practice and will guide the student observations, making clear the doubts that arise about the identity of the observed structures.
Collaborative learning	Throughout the semester, 6 sessions (50 minutes long), will be spent working in small groups (approximately 10 students). During collaborative learning sessions, various issues related to the contents of the subject will be addressed (and discussed), and will be performed activities for which will be used specific literature (printed or through the use of electronic resources).
Objective test	Two of the collaborative learning sessions will be dedicated to make objective testing, to determine the degree of assimilation of the contents. The delivered activities shall be resolved in small groups.
Mixed objective/subjective test	Student will be assessed continuously through test questions and/or short-answer questions about the contents of lectures and small group sessions (collaborative learning sessions). Two theoretical and one practical exams will be made during the semester, and a final exam for students who either have not exceeded these theoretical examinations and/or practical, or have not been presented to them.

Methodologies	Competencies	Description	Qualification
Mixed objective/subjective test	A1 A29 B4 B8	Two theoretical partial exams will be made during the semester (the first will include lessons 1-9 of the program and will represent 40%, while the second partial will include lessons 10-22 and will represent 60%), and a final exam for students who either have not exceeded these theoretical examinations and/or practical, or have not been presented to them. These theoretical examinations consist of multiple choice questions (multiple choice) and/or short-answer questions on the contents of lectures and small group sessions.	65
Objective test	A1 A29 B3 B5 B8	Two (written) tests will be done: the first will include content related to plant histology, and the second will address contents related to animal histology. These tests will consist of a combination of different types of questions: multiple-choice questions, short answer, identification schemes/images, complete and/or association.	10
Guest lecture / keynote speech	A29 A1	Attendance and active participation at theoretical (lectures and small groups) and practical classes is necessary for evaluation.	5
Laboratory practice	A1 A4 A5 A11 A29 A30 A31 B3 B4 B5	Students will undertake a practical examination which will represent 20% of the final grade. The practical examination shall consist of the identification, interpretation and analize of images of histological sections and/or slides, both plant and animal. It may also include questions relating to the fundamentals and applications of basic histological techniques.	20
Collaborative learning	A1 A29 B3 B5 B8	Attendance and active participation at theoretical (lectures and small groups) and practical classes is necessary for evaluation.	0

Assessment comments
Consideracións xerais: O alumno disporá de dúas oportunidades oficiais para superar a materia (final de cuadrimestre e xullo). Así mesmo, realizaranse 2 exames parciais teóricos e un exame práctico liberatorios ao longo do cuadrimestre. Como xa se indicou, as prácticas son obrigatorias e necesaria a súa realización para superar a materia. A cualificación de Non Presentado aplicarase no caso de que o estudante non se presentase ás probas correspondentes nas oportunidades oficiais de avaliación. Aspectos e criterios de avaliación: 1. Alumnado con dedicación completa Na oportunidade de final de cuadrimestre teranse en conta, para o cómputo da cualificación global, os distintos apartados recollidos no sistema de avaliación, debéndose superar cada un destes para proceder ao cálculo da cualificación final (global). Como xa se indicou, realizaranse dous exames parciais teóricos escritos (e un práctico) durante o período lectivo da materia (o primeiro dos parciais representará un 40%, mentres que o segundo suporá o 60%), así como un exame final para os alumnos que ou ben non superasen devanditos exames teóricos e/ou práctico, ou ben non se presentaran aos mesmos, representando o 65% da cualificación final. O exame práctico suporá o 20% da cualificación final. A realización das actividades expostas (proba obxectiva) durante as sesións en grupo reducido suporá o 10% da cualificación final, mentres que a asistencia e participación activa nas clases teóricas (maxistrais e sesións en grupo reducido) e prácticas suporá o 5% da cualificación final. Na oportunidade final de xullo poderase/n recuperar a/s parte/s non superada/s, teórica (no seu conxunto) e/ou práctica, representando éstas o 80% e o 20% da cualificación final, respectivamente. 2. Alumnado con recoñecemento de dedicación a tempo parcial e dispensa académica de exención de asistencia Tanto na oportunidade de final de cuadrimestre como na oportunidade final de xullo teranse en conta, para o cómputo da cualificación global, a calificación obtida no exame teórico e a correspondente á parte práctica (ver máis arriba formato de ambolos dous exames), representando éstas o 80% e o 20% da cualificación final, respectivamente. Nota: Para que se teñan en conta as cualificacións nas distintas actividades suxeitas a avaliación é preciso superar (alcanzar o 50% da cualificación) cada un dos apartados que integran o devandito sistema de avaliación. De non alcanzarse dita puntuación nalgunha delas e aínda que a media dos distintos apartados sexa igual ou superior a 5 (sobre 10) a materia figurará como suspensa e a cualificación de 4,9.

Basic	Evert, RF (2008). Esau Anatomía vegetal. Meristemas, células y tejidos de las plantas: su estructura, función y desarrollo. Ed. Omega. 3ª Edición Brüel, A, Christensen, EI, Tranum-Jensen, J, Qvortrup, K y Geneser, F (2015). Geneser. Histología. Ed. Médica Panamericana. 4ª Edición Alonso Peña, JR (2011). Manual de Histología Vegetal. Mundi-Prensa Ross, MH y Pawlina, W (2016). Ross. Histología. Texto y atlas. Correlación con Biología Molecular y Celular. Ed. Wolters Kluwer, 7ª Edición Welsch, U (2014). Sobotta. Histología. Con la colaboración de Thomas Deller. Ed. Médica Panamericana. 3ª Edición

Complementary
	Plant Histology/Anatomy Álvarez Nogal, R 2008, Prácticas de citología-histología de plantas y animales, Universidad de León-Secretariado de Publicaciones, León. Bowes, BG & Mauseth, JD 2008, Plant structure. A colour guide, 2ª edición, Ed. Manson Publishing, Londres. Bracegirdle, B & Miles, PH 1975, Atlas de estructura vegetal, Ed. Paraninfo, Madrid. Cortés, F 1990, Cuadernos de Histología Vegetal, Marban, Barcelona. Esau, K 1985, Anatomía Vegetal, Omega, Barcelona. Evert, RF 2006, Esau´s plant anatomy, Wiley-Interscience, Hoboken. Fahn, A 1985, Anatomía Vegetal, Pirámide, Madrid. Fahn, A 1990, Plant Anatomy, Pergamon Press, Oxford. Gómez Segade, P 2012, Atlas de histología vegetal, Ed. Lulu, Madrid. Krommenhoek, W, Sebus, J & van Esch, GJ 1986, Atlas de Histología Vegetal, Ed. Marban, Madrid. Paniagua, R, Nistal, M, Sesma, P, Álvarez-Uría, M, Fraile, B, Anadón, R & Sáez FJ 2007, Citología e Histología Vegetal y Animal, 4ª edición, McGraw-Hill Interamericana, Madrid. Raven, PH, Evert, RF & Eichhorn, SE 1991, Biología de las plantas, Ed. Reverté, Barcelona. Santamarina Siurana, MP 2009, Atlas de anatomía vegetal, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia. Stevenson, FF & Mertens, TR 1990, Anatomía Vegetal, Limusa, México.   Animal Histology Bergman, RA, Afifi, AK & Heidger, PM 1997, Histología, McGraw-Hill Interamericana, México. Berman, I 2003, Color atlas of basic histology, 3ª Edición, Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill, Nueva York. Bloom, W & Fawcett, DW 1995, Tratado de Histología, Interamericana, Nueva York. Boya Vegue, J 2011, Atlas de histología y organografía microscópica, 3ª edición, Editorial Médica Panamericana, Madrid. Cónsole, G & Vidal, M 2017, Atlas de histología. Clasificación, correlación clínica, autoevaluación, Ediciones Journal, Buenos Aires. Contamina Gonzalvo, P, Parra, P & García Rojo, M 2011, Prácticas de histología: primer curso, Prensas Universitarias, Zaragoza. Cui, D, Naftel, JP, Lynch, JC & Yang, G 2011, Histología con correlaciones funcionales y clínicas, Wolters Kluwer Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Filadelfia. Eynard, AR, Valentich, MA & Rovasio, RA 2008, Histología y embriología del ser humano: bases celulares y moleculares, 4ª edición, Médica Panamericana, Buenos Aires. Fawcett, D & Jensh, RP 1999, Compendio de Histología, McGraw-Hill Interamericana, Madrid. Fortoul, T 2013, Histología y biología celular, 2ª edición, McGraw Hill, México D.F. Gartner, LP & Hiatt, JL 2008, Texto atlas de Histología, 3ª edición, McGraw-Hill Interamericana, México. Gartner, LP & Hiatt, JL 2011. Atlas en color de histología, 5ª edición, Panamericana, Madrid. Gartner, LP & Hiatt, JL 2011, Histología básica, Elsevier, DL, Barcelona. Geneser, F 1985, Atlas color de Histología, Panamericana, Madrid. Kerr, JB 2010, Functional histology, 2nd edition, Mosby, Sydney. Kierszenbaum, AL & Tres, LL 2012, Histología y Biología Celular. Introducción a la Anatomía Patológica, 3ª edición, Elsevier, Barcelona. Kühnel, W 2005, Atlas color de citología e histología, 11ª edición, Editorial Médica Panamericana, Madrid. Lee, LMJ 2014, Lippincott's pocket histology, Wolters Kluwer. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia. Leeson, CR, Leeson, TS & Paparo, AA 1990, Texto Atlas de Histología, Interamericana-McGraw-Hill, México. López Rodríguez A & Salguero Molpeceres, O 2012, Iniciación a la microscopía óptica histológica, 2ª edición, Librería Técnica Bellisco: Fundación Universidad Alfonso X el Sabio, Madrid. Lowe, JS & Anderson, PG 2015, Histología humana, 4ª edición, Elsevier, Madrid. Mescher, AL 2013, Junqueira's basic histology: text and atlas, 13th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York. Montuenga, L, Esteban, FJ & Calvo, A 2009, Técnicas en histología y biología celular, Elsevier-Masson, Barcelona. Olmos, G, Miralles, A 2003, Prácticas de citología e histología, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma (Islas Baleares). Ovalle, WK & Nahirney, PC 2013, Netter's essential histology, 2nd edition, Elsevier/Saunders, Philadelphia. Paniagua, R, Nistal, M, Sesma P, Álvarez-Uría, M, Fraile, B, Anadón, R & Sáez FJ 2007, Citología e Histología Vegetal y Animal, 4ª edición, McGraw-Hill Interamericana, Madrid. Ponce Bravo, S 2016, Histología básica. Fundamentos de biología celular y del desarrollo humano, Panamericana, Madrid. Ross, MH, Pawlina, W & Barnash, TA 2012, Atlas de histología descriptiva, Panamericana, Buenos Aires. Ruiz, MS, Rodicio, C & Corujo, A 1985, Cuaderno de prácticas de citología e histología vegetal y animal, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela. Sepúlveda Saavedra, J & Medina Hernández, RM 2011, Histología. Biología celular y tisular. Instructivo de laboratorio, 5ª edición, McGraw-Hill Interamericana, México. Singh, I 2011, Textbook of human histology: with colour atlas and practical guide, 6^th edition, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, New Delhi. Welsch, U 2013, Sobotta: histología. Con la colaboración de Thomas Deller, 3ª edición, Panamericana, Buenos Aires. Wheater, PR 1987, Histología funcional. Texto y atlas en color, 2ª Edición, Ed. JIMS, Barcelona. Young, B & Heath, JW 2000, Wheater´s Histología funcional texto y atlas en color, 4ª edición, Elsevier, Madrid. * * * * *WEB* General https://books.google.es/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed   Plant Histology/Anatomy http://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookPLANTANAT.html http://www.biologia.edu.ar/botanica/index.html http://images.botany.org/ http://atlasveg.ib.usp.br/English/focara.html http://www.sbs.utexas.edu/mauseth/weblab/ http://www.dipbot.unict.it/tavole_es/indice.html http://mmegias.webs.uvigo.es/inicio.html http://www.ujaen.es/investiga/atlas/ * * Animal Histology http://www.kumc.edu/instruction/medicine/anatomy/histoweb/ http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/Histo/frames/histo_frames.html http://www.udel.edu/Biology/Wags/histopage/histopage.htm http://www.e-histologia.unileon.es/1inicio/home/Indexhistol800x600.html#Principio http://www.ujaen.es/investiga/atlas/ http://mmegias.webs.uvigo.es/inicio.html http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/ http://histologyatlas.wisc.edu/ http://campus.usal.es/~histologia/histologia.htm

Other comments
It is strongly recommended to read or work on the subject of lectures and small group sessions and take notes. Students to find a particular difficulty in following classes or in addressing the issues that make up the program (both theoretical and practical) can go to individualized tutoring (see schedule at http://ciencias.udc.es/grao-en-bioloxia).