Laboratory practices are mandatory.

To pass the subject, the student must obtain at least 50% of the score assigned to the mixed test and another 50% of that of the laboratory practices.

It will be considered NOT PRESENTED when the student has not participated in more than 20% of the scheduled assessable activities. This criterion applies to the January call. In the July call, to obtain the grade NOT PRESENTED, it will be enough to not appear for the objective tests (theory and practical exams).

For the evaluation of the July call, the student, in addition to the theory and practical exams, must present the bulletins of solved problems and the power point presentation of the oral presentation. In the event that these last two activities were already evaluated in the January call, the grade obtained will remain for July.

For students with part-time dedication and exemption from attendance, the teacher will adopt the measures that he deems appropriate to avoid damaging her grade (flexibility in the delivery dates of the assessable activities). Instead of the oral presentation, these students will make a 2-3 page summary that must be delivered in pdf to the teacher for evaluation.

The fraudulent performance of tests or assessment activities will directly imply the application of current regulations in the UDC.

Learning outcomes	Study programme competences
Deepen your knowledge of the organization of hereditary material with an evolutionary approach through the study of chromosomes and their variations.	A1 A11 A16 A26 A30 A31	B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 B10 B11	C1 C2 C3 C4 C6 C7 C8
To understand the fundamentals involve when learning about chromosome and familiar with the basic methodology employed for the study of chromosomes. Tools for cytogenetics.	A1 A2 A11 A16 A30 A31	B1 B2 B3 B5 B6 B11 B13	C1 C2 C3 C4 C6 C7 C8
Search and use of different literature and databases that allow carrying out the scientific approach to a topic related to chromosomes sources, organization, function and evolution. Management information sources of interest in cytogenetics.	A29	B3 B8 B9 B10 B13	C1 C2 C3 C4 C6 C7 C8

Topic	Sub-topic
Topic 1. Organization and structure of the eukaryotic chromosome	O DNA no cromosoma: DNA de copia única, DNA moderadamente repetitivo, DNA altamente repetitivo, secuencias esenciales: CEN, TEL e ARS. A proteínas cromosómicas: histonas e non histonas. Tipos, modificacións e funcións.
Topic 2. From chromatin to metaphase chromosome	Organización da cromatina en interfase: o nucleosoma, a fibra fundamental, os bucles e as SARs. Os territorios cromosómicos. Organización do cromosoma en metafase: condensinas e andamio de proteínas non histónicas. Tipos de cromatina. O cariotipo.
Topic 3. The longitudinal differentiation of chromosomes	O bandeo de cromosomas. Tipos de bandas. Significado estructural e funcional das bandas. As isocoras.
Topic 4. Chromosome replication and trancription	Ciclo celular e replicación. Replicación da cromatina e acoplamento das histonas. A transcripción da fibra de cromatina: eucromatina e heterocromatina. Os cromosomas plumosos e os cromosomas politénicos.
Topic 5. Mitosis and changes in cell division	Características principais da mitosis Intercambio entre cromátidas Control da separación de cromátidas irmáns
Topic 6. Meiosis and changes of chromosome behaviour	Caracterísiticas principais da meiosis Complexos sinaptonémicos Recombinación e nódulos de recombinación Os quiasmas: frecuencia e distribución Segregación cromosómica e cromatídica
Topic 7. Chromosome sex determination	Sistemas cromosómicos de determinación do sexo A haplodiploidía. Heterocromatinización e sexo. Orixen dos cromosomas sexuais
Topic 8. Structural chromosome changes	Delecions: clases e orixen. Consecuencias xenéticas Duplicacions: clases, oricen, consecuencias e relevancia no proceso evolutivo. Inversions: clases, orixen, comportamento meiótico, consecuencias e relevancia no proceso evolutivo. Translocacions: clases, orixen, comportamento meiótico, consecuencias e relevancia no proceso evolutivo.
Topic 9. Poliploydy, haplodiploydy and anepuloydy	Orixen, identificación, tipos, comportamento meiótico, consecuencias, e importancia evolutiva. Os cromosomas B Amplificación xénica
Topic 10. Methodologies and development of technologies	Hibridación in situ fluorescente. Cariotipos espectrales. Citometría de fluxo. Microdisección e microclonación de cromosomas ou bandas cromosómicas.
Laboratory practices	1. Cultivos celulares e obtención de cromosomas metafásicos 2. Inducción de bandas cromosómicas e estudo da actividade NOR 3. Elaboración de cariotipos

Methodologies / tests	Competencies	Ordinary class hours	Student’s personal work hours	Total hours
Guest lecture / keynote speech	A1 A2 A11 B2 B3 B6 B8 B9 B10	21	52.5	73.5
Laboratory practice	A11 A16 A26 A29 A30 A31 B1 B3 B4 B5 B7 B13 C1 C2 C3 C4 C6 C7 C8	14	28	42
Mixed objective/subjective test	A11 B2 B3 B8	1.5	0	1.5
Workbook	B1 B3 B5 B6 B9 B10	0	6	6
Practical test:	A11 A16 A26 A30 A31 B1 B2 B7 B8 C1 C3	1	0	1
Oral presentation	B1 B2 B3 B5 B8 B9 B10 B11	5	17	22

Personalized attention		4	0	4

(*)The information in the planning table is for guidance only and does not take into account the heterogeneity of the students.

Methodologies	Description
Guest lecture / keynote speech	Nas clases maxistrais o profesor explicará os contidos fundamentais de cada tema do programa e sinalará as actividades asociadas a este. Estas incluirán a consulta de bibliografía, a resolución de boletíns de cuestións e problemas, ou a eleboración dun traballo que o alumno deberá elaborar en grupo ou individualmente.
Laboratory practice	Laboratory practices related to the development of chromosomes and karyotypes were developed. It will be know the cell cultures, making the karyotype and develop some method of chromosome banding.
Mixed objective/subjective test	A proba mixta consistirá en preguntas curtas ou de tipo test e resolución de problemas.
Workbook	O alumno leerá un ou dos artigos científicos para ampliar e profundizar nos contidos tratados no temario, e que expondrán na presentacion oral.
Practical test:	Se valorará os conocimientos adquiridos durante as prácticas de laboratorio.
Oral presentation	Consistirá na exposición oral de un ou dos artigos científicos, acompañada de una presentación en power point, que posteriormente aloxaráse na plataforma Moodle da materia, para a súa consulta de cara a completar ou ampliar contidos da materia. A exposición será de un máximo de 10-12 minutos. Esta actividade realizarase por parellas. Ambos membros do grupo deben repartirse a exposición do traballo.

Methodologies	Competencies	Description	Qualification
Mixed objective/subjective test	A11 B2 B3 B8	Avaliarase mediante unha proba obxectiva os coñecementos adquiridos durante as clases expositivas e as clases en grupo interactivo.	40
Oral presentation	B1 B2 B3 B5 B8 B9 B10 B11	Avaliarase a exposición oral e a presentación en power point do traballo realizado polo alumno tendo en conta a capacidade para extraer o más relevante dos artículos científicos empregados, a capacidade de traballar en grupo, a expresión oral e corporal, e a capacidade de síntese.	25
Laboratory practice	A11 A16 A26 A29 A30 A31 B1 B3 B4 B5 B7 B13 C1 C2 C3 C4 C6 C7 C8	Take into account the interest to learn techniques on chromosomes, skill in the laboratory experiments ability to solve chromosomes and the attitude and ability to function in the laboratory.	20
Practical test:	A11 A16 A26 A30 A31 B1 B2 B7 B8 C1 C3	Se valorará os conocimientos adquiridos durante as prácticas de laboratorio.	15

Assessment comments
Laboratory practices are mandatory. To pass the subject, the student must obtain at least 50% of the score assigned to the mixed test and another 50% of that of the laboratory practices. It will be considered NOT PRESENTED when the student has not participated in more than 20% of the scheduled assessable activities. This criterion applies to the January call. In the July call, to obtain the grade NOT PRESENTED, it will be enough to not appear for the objective tests (theory and practical exams). For the evaluation of the July call, the student, in addition to the theory and practical exams, must present the bulletins of solved problems and the power point presentation of the oral presentation. In the event that these last two activities were already evaluated in the January call, the grade obtained will remain for July. For students with part-time dedication and exemption from attendance, the teacher will adopt the measures that he deems appropriate to avoid damaging her grade (flexibility in the delivery dates of the assessable activities). Instead of the oral presentation, these students will make a 2-3 page summary that must be delivered in pdf to the teacher for evaluation. The fraudulent performance of tests or assessment activities will directly imply the application of current regulations in the UDC.

Basic	Klug WS, Cummings MR (2011). Essentials of Genetics. San Francisco, Pearson Pierce BA (2011). Fundamentos de Genética, conceptos y relaciones. Buenos Aires, Médica Panamericana Pierce BA (2008). Genetics, a conceptual approach. New York, Freeman
	Teachers will recommend recent scientific articles to prepare and expand the content of the subject. The articles will be hosted on the Moodle platform from the beginning of the course.
Complementary