Identifying Data 2022/23
Subject (*) Thermodynamics and Engineering Thermodynamics Code 631G02254
Study programme
Grao en Tecnoloxías Mariñas
Descriptors Cycle Period Year Type Credits
Graduate 1st four-month period
 Second Obligatory 6
Language
Spanish
English
Teaching method Face-to-face
Prerequisites
Department Ciencias da Navegación e Enxeñaría Mariña
Coordinador
Baaliña Insua, Alvaro
 E-mail
alvaro.baalina@udc.es
Lecturers
Baaliña Insua, Alvaro
 E-mail
alvaro.baalina@udc.es
Web http://https://estudos.udc.es/gl/subject/631G02V02/631G02254/2020
General description Nesta asignatura desenrólanse conceptos básicos para a comprensión da maior parte dos procesos ligados á enerxía nunha instalación, tanto a bordo dun buque como en terra.
A modo de exemplo, permite coñecer, analizar e optimizar o funcionamento dun motor de combustión interna, dunha caldeira ou dunha turbina.
Sin o coñecemento dos principios termodinámicos resulta moi difícil a comprensión de numerosas asignaturas do plano de estudos, entre as que se encontran, Turbinas de vapor e gas, Motores de combustión interna, Sistemas auxiliares do buque, Xeneradores de vapor e Transferencia de Calor, Técnicas de frío, etc.
Para cursar a asignatura é conveniente ter coñecementos previos de Física e Matemáticas.

Study programme competencies
Code Study programme competences
A2 CE2 - Capacidade para a dirección, organización e operación das actividades obxecto das instalacións marítimas no ámbito da súa especialidade.
A6 CE6 - Coñecementos e capacidade para a realización de auditorías enerxéticas de instalacións marítimas.
A7 CE7 - Capacidade para a operación e posta en marcha de novas instalacións ou que teñan por obxecto a construción, reforma, reparación, conservación, instalación, montaxe ou explotación, realización de medicións, cálculos, valoracións, taxacións, peritacións, estudos, informes, e outros traballos análogos de instalacións enerxéticas e industriais mariñas, nos seus respectivos casos, tanto con carácter principal como accesorio, sempre que quede comprendido pola súa natureza e característica na técnica propia da titulación, dentro do ámbito da súa especialidade, é dicir, operación e explotación.
A17 CE17 - Modelizar situacións e resolver problemas con técnicas ou ferramentas físico-matemáticas.
A20 CE20 - Ser capaz de identificar, analizar e aplicar os coñecementos adquiridos nas distintas materias do Grao, a unha situación determinada formulando a solución técnica máis axeitada dende o punto de vista económico, ambiental e de seguridade.
A21 CE37 - Capacidad para ejercer como Oficial de Máquinas de la Marina Mercante, una vez superados los requisitos exigidos por la Administración Marítima.
A30 CE42 - Operar, reparar, manter, reformar, optimizar a nivel operacional as instalacións industriais relacionadas coa enxeñaría mariña, como motores alternativos de combustión interna e subsistemas; turbinas de vapor, caldeiras e subsistemas asociados; ciclos combinados; propulsión eléctrica e propulsión con turbinas de gas; equipos eléctricos, electrónicos, e de regulación e control do buque; as instalacións auxiliares do buque, tales como instalacións frigoríficas, sistemas de goberno, instalacións de aire acondicionado, plantas potabilizadoras, separadores de sentinas, grupos electróxenos, etc.
A32 CE44 - Coñecer o balance enerxético xeral, que inclúe o balance termo-eléctrico do buque, ou sistema de mantemento da carga, así como a xestión eficiente da enerxía respectando o medio.
A40 CE47 - Operar a maquinaria principal e auxiliar e os sistemas de control correspondentes.
A44 CE49 - Realizar unha garda de máquinas segura.
A55 Coñecer o balance enerxético xeral, incluíndo o balance termo-eléctrico, así como a xestión eficiente da enerxía respectando o medio.
B2 CT2 - Resolver problemas de forma efectiva.
B7 CT7 - Capacidade para interpretar, seleccionar e valorar conceptos adquiridos noutras disciplinas do ámbito marítimo, mediante fundamentos físico-matemáticos.
C6 C6 - Valorar criticamente o coñecemento, a tecnoloxía e a información dispoñible para resolver os problemas cos que deben enfrontarse.
C10 CB2 - Aplicar os coñecementos no seu traballo ou vocación dunha forma profesional e poseer competencias demostrables por medio da elaboración e defensa de argumentos e resolución de problemas dentro da área dos seus estudos
C11 CB3 - Ter a capacidade de reunir e interpretar datos relevantes para emitir xuicios que inclúan unha reflexión sobre temas relevantes de índole social, científica ou ética

Learning aims
Learning outcomes Study programme competences
Analysis and synthesis of the thermodynamic concepts. Capacity to reason and comprise the energetic interactions in diverse systems. Capacity to solve energetic and optimisation problems through the concept of entropy and irreversibility. Planning and decision making regarding the energetic management of industrial installations. Critical reasoning about the applicable physical models Habit of study and structuring of the information through tables and two-dimensional diagrams of thermodynamic parameters. The following competencies included in Table A-III / 1 of the STCW Code as amended by Manila; Function: Marine engineering at operational level -1.1 Maintain a safe engineering watch -1.2 Operate main and auxiliary machinery and associated control systems A2
A6
A7
A17
A20
A21
A30
A32
A40
A44
A55
 B2
B7
 C6
C10
C11

Contents
Topic Sub-topic
1.- INTRODUCTION 1.1.- OBJECTIVES OF THE THERMODYNAMICS.

2.1.- THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEM AND PROPERTIES
2.1.1.- Thermodynamic system.
2.1.2.- Thermodynamic properties.
Primitive-Derived.
Intensive-Extensive.
2.1.3.- States of a system.
Postulate I (of state).
Postulate II (of equilibrium).
2.1.4.- Thermodynamic processes.
2.- WORK, ENERGY AND HEAT. 1.2.- WORK. FORMS OF QUASI STATIC WORK .

1.2.1.- Mechanical forms of work
1.2.2.- Thermodynamic definition of work. Forms of quasi static work .

2.2.- ADIABATIC INTERACTION OF WORK. TOTAL ENERGY

2.2.1.- Adiabatic interactions of work.
2.2.2.- Total energy. Postulate III.
2.2.3.- Internal energy. First Law for a closed system.

3.2.- INTERACTIONS OF HEAT.

3.2.1.- Postulate III and non adiabatic work .
3.2.2.- Thermal equilibrium. Postulate IV.
3.2.3.- Postulate IV. Thermometry. Thermometric scales

4.2.- LAWS OF THE GASES.
4.2.1.- Equation of state of ideal gas.
4.2.2.- Mixtures of ideal gases.
3.- STATES AND PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES 1.3.- PURE SUBSTANCES.

1.3.1.- Simple Compressible system.
1.3.2.- pVT surface of a pure substance. Projections.
1.3.3.- Thermal Properties.

2.3.-PROPERTY VALUES.

2.3.1.- Tables of properties of pure substances.
2.3.2.- Mixtures of two phases (liquid-vapour).
2.3.3.- Approximations for compressed liquid and model of incompressible substance .
2.3.4.- Real gas. Factor of compressibility.
Equations of state
Generalised Chart. Law of corresponding states.
4.- THE FIRST LAW FOR OPEN SYSTEMS 1.4.- THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS FOR OPEN SYSTEMS.

1.4.1.- Mass, volume and surface of control. Equation of the First Law.
2.4.2.- Balances of mass and energy in a volume of control.
Energy of flow.
3.4.3.- Integral and differential analysis.
3.4.4.- Balances of mass and energy in stationary and no stationary state.
5.- THE SECOND LAW OF THE THERMODYNAMICS 1.5.- ENTROPY AND SECOND LAW.
1.5.1.- Limitations of the First Law.
1.5.2.- Heat Engine. Energetic interactions between two reservoirs.
1.5.3.- Statements of the Second Law.
Kelvin-Plank.
Clausius.
Equivalence of both statements.
1.5.4.- Reversibility. Statement of Carnot.
1.5.5.- Thermodynamic scale of temperature.
1.5.6.- Cycle of Carnot.
6.- ENTROPY AND IRREVERSIBILITY 1.6.- THEOREM OF CLAUSIUS. FUNCTION ENTROPY.

2.6.- ENTROPY

3.6.- PRINCIPLE OF INCREASE OF ENTROPY
IRREVERSIBILITY.
3.6.1.- Balance of entropy for an enclosed system.
3.6.2.- Principle of increase of entropy.

4.6.- CHANGE OF ENTROPY.
4.6.1.- Equations Tds.
Ideal gas Model. Liquid-vapour mixtures.
Hypothesis of constant or variable specific heats.
Model of incompressible substance.

5.6.- DIAGRAMS T-s and h-s.
Graphic interpretation of the transfer of heat in an internally reversible process.
Diagram of Mollier.

6.6.- BALANCE OF ENTROPY FOR CONTROL VOLUME

6.6.1.- Balance of entropy for control volume.
Application to stationary and non-stationary flow.

7.6.- WORK IN PROCESSES OF STATIONARY FLOW INTERNALLY REVERSIBLE.

8.6.- ISOENTPROPIC EFFICIENCY
7.6.1.- Turbines.
7.6.2.- Compressors and pumps.
7.6.3.- Nozzles and diffusers.
7.- COMPRESSIBLE FLOW 1.7.- ADIABATIC STAGNATION OF A FLUID

2.7.- SOUND VELOCITY AND MACH NUMBER.

3.7.- EFFECT OF AREA FLOW CHANGES.

4.7.- RELATIONS BETWEEN FLOW PROPERTIES AND MACH NUMBER.

5.7.- EFFECT OF BACK PRESSURE ON NOZZLES.
8.- STEAM AND GAS CYCLES 1.8.- Rankine Cycle, efficiency and improvements.
2.8.- Gas Cycle.
2.8.1.-Otto and Diesel Cycles.
2.8.2.- Brayton Cycle, improvements. Combined Cycle
3.8.- Cycles of refrigeration..
9.- Humid air thermodynamics. Psychrometry 1.9.- Properties. Psychrometric chart.
2.9.- Applications. Air conditioning
10.- REACTIVE MIXTURES. COMBUSTION 1.10.- Combustion, calculations
The previous topics* fulfil with the column 2, "Knowledge, understanding and proficiency", of the Manila amendments to the STCW Code, of the following Table :


* The competences acquisition established in Column 1 of the respective STCW Table, are completed with the overcoming of the contents included in the following complementary subjects to this one:
Internal Combustion Engines.
Steam and Gas Turbines.
Heat Transfer and Steam Boilers.
Maritime Installations and Propulsion.
Automation of Maritime Installations
Practical traineeship on board
 1.- Table A-III/1 of Specification of minimum standard of competence for officers in charge of an engineering watch in a manned engine-room or designated duty engineers in a periodically unmanned engine-room

Function: Marine engineering at operational level
Competences
-1.1 Maintain a safe engineering watch
-1.2 Operate main and auxiliary machinery and associated control systems
The development and overcoming of these contents, together with those corresponding to other subjects that include the acquisition of specific competencies of the degree, guarantees the knowledge, comprehension and sufficiency of the competencies contained in Table AIII / 2, of the STCW Convention, related to the level of management of First Engineer Officer of the Merchant Navy, on ships without power limitation of the main propulsion machinery and Chief Engineer officer of the Merchant Navy up to a maximum of 3000 kW. Table A-III / 2 of the STCW Convention.
Specification of the minimum standard of competence for Chief Engineer Officers and First Engineer Officers on ships powered by main propulsion machinery of 3000 kW or more.

Planning
Methodologies / tests Competencies Ordinary class hours Student’s personal work hours Total hours
Introductory activities C6 2 0 2
Guest lecture / keynote speech A2 A6 A7 A17 A20 A21 A32 A40 A44 A55 B2 B7 C6 28 42 70
Problem solving A6 A7 A17 A20 A21 A32 A40 A44 A55 B2 B7 C6 10 24 34
Collaborative learning A2 A6 A20 A40 A44 B2 B7 C6 C10 C11 5 5 10
Supervised projects A2 A6 A7 A17 A20 A21 A30 A32 A55 B2 B7 C6 C10 C11 3 15 18
Document analysis A20 B7 C6 C10 C11 0 4 4
Objective test A2 A6 A7 A17 A20 A21 A30 A32 A40 A44 A55 B2 B7 C6 C10 C11 4 6 10
 
Personalized attention 2 0 2
 
(*)The information in the planning table is for guidance only and does not take into account the heterogeneity of the students.

Methodologies
Methodologies Description
Introductory activities There will be a presentation of the course, emphasizing the importance of this matter as a basis for learning other subjects in the Degree and for professional activities in the field of Marine Engineering.
The standards of teaching, qualification and most important bibliographical sources will be set.
Guest lecture / keynote speech There will be a detailed explanation of the contents of the material, distributed across topics. The student will have a typed copy of the subject matter in each keynote session. Students are encouraged to participate in class, through comments linking the theoretical with real life experiences.
Problem solving Problems will be solved for each item proposed, allowing the application of mathematical models appropriate to each case, including managing tables, applying the most appropriate assumptions, the theoretical relation developed in lectures and relation with professional practice
Collaborative learning Problem solving in groups, with the possibility of exposing results.
Supervised projects Problems more difficult than those solved in class or issues of special relevance.
Document analysis By means using bibliographical sources of different types, the student will get used to finding information in order to deepen or focus learning from other points of view that are not exclusively those from the professor. It is like a training to the future needs of students in their professional development.
Objective test There will be a midterm exam so that students become familiar with the type of issues raised in the written tests. It will consist of a theoretical and practical part, so that both computed for 50% of the grade. Regular and special examinations shall be governed by the same format.

Personalized attention
Methodologies
Problem solving
Guest lecture / keynote speech
Collaborative learning
Supervised projects
Description
The personalized attention related with the methodologies that contemplate it, aims to encourage maximum interaction with students, in order to optimize their effort and improve their learning.
Through this interaction, together with the other evaluation processes, the degree of learning of the subject competences will be determined, allowing personalized attention to those students who most need it through individualized tutoring, whose convocation will be held in with involved students.
Regardless of the face-to-face tutoring programmed by the teacher, the student can go to tutoring, as many times as he wants, and at a time compatible with teaching, research and management professor activities.
In accordance with the "norma que regula o réxime de dedicación ao estudo dos estudantes de grao na UDC" (Art.3.b e 4.5) and ""normas de avaliación, revisión e reclamación das cualificacións dos estudos de grao e mestrado universitario” (Art. 3 e 8b), students with part-time recognition and academic exemption from attendance exemption may participate in a personalized and flexible system of mentoring and evaluation tutorials in order to determine the degree of competency learning achieved. Regarding with this matter, the tutorials will serve to carry out those activities included within the methodology of objective tests and problems solution

Assessment
Methodologies Competencies Description Qualification
Problem solving A6 A7 A17 A20 A21 A32 A40 A44 A55 B2 B7 C6 Ploblem solving with EES (Engineering Equation Solver). 5
Guest lecture / keynote speech A2 A6 A7 A17 A20 A21 A32 A40 A44 A55 B2 B7 C6 Attendance at the sessions will count as part of the final grade. The student must sign a sheet of attendance to every lecture as an evidence for the assessment of this methodology. 5
Objective test A2 A6 A7 A17 A20 A21 A30 A32 A40 A44 A55 B2 B7 C6 C10 C11 The student will demonstrate proficiency in the theoretical and practical learning of issues.
 70
Supervised projects A2 A6 A7 A17 A20 A21 A30 A32 A55 B2 B7 C6 C10 C11 Presentation and defense of the work. It will be valued structure, neatness, originality and expository method. This is an optional methodology. For students who don't do the project, the qualification percentage of this methodology will be added to the objective test. 20
 
Assessment comments

The official tests of the first
opportunity, will included the different evaluation methodologies and must be
completed by those students who have not passed the continuous evaluation in
its entirety. This test will be designed in such a way that the student can
examine the problem solving methodologies and objective test, where they have
not reached 30% of the total grade.

Students obliged to attend the official
"second chance" tests will keep the grade achieved in all
methodologies, with the exception of the one obtained in the objective tests of
the 1st opportunity, which will be replaced by that of the 2nd. In the same
way, you will only be eligible for honors if the maximum number of these for
the corresponding course is not covered in its entirety at the "first
opportunity".

For students with recognition of part-time
dedication and academic exemption from attendance, the grade obtained in the
activities associated with the personalized tutoring system will correspond to
the evaluation of the problem-solving methodology and objective tests, with a
weighting of 30 and 70%, respectively.

Fraudulent performance of the tests or evaluation activities, once verified, will directly imply a failing grade "0" in the subject and in the corresponding call, besides invalidating any grade obtained in either evaluation activity for the extraordinary call.

The evaluation system meets the competency
evaluation criteria set out in Column 4 of the following Tables of the STCW
Convention, modified by Manila 2010:

1.- Table A-III / 1 of Specification of
the minimum standards of competence applicable to officers in charge of the
watch in a permanently manned engine-room and those appointed to serve in an
unmanned engine-room.

Function: Naval machinery, at the
operational levelCompetencies:

-1.1 Carry out a safe machinery watch

-1.2 Operate the main and auxiliary
machinery and the corresponding control systems.

 

Sources of information
Basic Rogers, G.; Mayhew, Y. (1992). Engineering Thermodynamics. Work and Heat Transfer. Singapore. Longman
Moran, M. J. ; Shapiro, H. N (2004). Fundamentos de Termodinámica Técnica . Barcelona.. Reverte
Çengel, Y. A.; Boles, M. A. (2006). Termodinámica. México. McGrawHill
Agüera, J.: (1999). Termodinámica Lógica y Motores Térmicos. Madrid. Ciencia 3.

Complementary Sonntag, R.; Borgnakke, C (2007). Introduction to engineering thermodynamics.. USA. Wiley
Segura, J. (1990). Termodinámica Técnica. Barcelona. Reverté


Recommendations
Subjects that it is recommended to have taken before
Mathematics I/631G02151
Physics I/631G02153
Mathematics II/631G02156
Chemistry/631G02157
Physics II/631G02158

Subjects that are recommended to be taken simultaneously

Subjects that continue the syllabus
Internal Combustion Engines/631G02351
Steam and Gas Turbines/631G02352
Air Conditioning and Cooling Techniques/631G02355
Thermal Marine Machinery/631G02361

Other comments


(*)The teaching guide is the document in which the URV publishes the information about all its courses. It is a public document and cannot be modified. Only in exceptional cases can it be revised by the competent agent or duly revised so that it is in line with current legislation.