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Teaching GuideTerm Faculty of Science |
| Grao en Bioloxía |
 Subjects |
| Biology: Basic Levels of Organisation of Life II (Tissues) |
| Contents |
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| Identifying Data | 2019/20 | |||||||||||||
| Subject | Biology: Basic Levels of Organisation of Life II (Tissues) | Code | 610G02008 | |||||||||||
| Study programme |
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| Descriptors | Cycle | Period | Year | Type | Credits | |||||||||
| Graduate | 2nd four-month period |
First | Basic training | 6 | ||||||||||
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| Topic | Sub-topic |
| Lesson 1. Introduction to Histology. | Histology as subject. Concept of tissue, organ and system. Methods of study in Histology. |
| Lesson 2. Plant cell wall. | General characteristics. Functions. Components. Biosynthesis of cell wall components. Structure: middle lamella, primary wall and secondary wall. Origin. Plasmodesmata and pits. |
| Lesson 3. Internal organization of the vascular plant body. | Overview. Development of the vascular plant body. Primary growth and secondary growth. Organs and tissues of the plant body. Classification of the plant tissues. Distribution of the plant tissues. |
| Lesson 4. Meristems. | Concept. Characteristics and function of meristematic cells. Cell division. Classification. Primary meristems: concept, types, location and function. Secondary meristems: concept, types, location and function. |
| Lesson 5. Simple plant tissues. | Parenchyma. Characteristics of parenchyma cells. Origin. Distribution. Types and functions of parenchyma. Collenchyma. Characteristics of collenchyma cells. Origin. Distribution. Types and functions of collenchyma. Sclerenchyma. General characteristics. Sclereids and fibers: structure, distribution, origin, types and function. |
| Lesson 6. Vascular tissues I. | Xylem. General characteristics and function. Components. Conducting elements (tracheids and vessel elements): structure, origin and differentiation. Vessels: concept and types. No conducting elements: parenchyma and sclerenchyma. Classification. Primary xylem: protoxylem and metaxylem. Types. Secondary xylem: formation and organization. Growth rings. Sapwood and heartwood. |
| Lesson 7. Vascular tisues II. | Phloem. General characteristics and function. Components. Conducting elements (sieve cells and sieve-tube elements): structure, origin and differentiation. Albuminous cells and companion cells. No conducting elements: parenchyma and sclerenchyma. Classification. Primary phloem: protophloem and metaphloem. Secondary phloem: formation and organization. Vascular bundles. |
| Lesson 8. Protective tissues. | Epidermis. General characteristics. Distribution, origin and functions. Structure of ordinary epidermal cells. Cuticle: structure, composition and function. Stomata: structure, origin, distribution, function and classification. Trichomes: concept, function and classification. Periderm. Concept. Location, origin and function. Components: cork, phellogen and phelloderm. Lenticels. Secondary bark. |
| Lesson 9. Secretory structures in plants. | Concept. Classification. External secretory structures. Internal secretory structures. |
| Lesson 10. Introduction to animal histology. | Animal tissues: general characteristics, functions and classification. Fecundation and early embryogenesis. Histogenesis. Embryonic origin of the animal tissues. |
| Lesson 11. Epithelia I. | Concept of epithelium. Origin. Functions. Characteristics. Basal lamina. Polarity. Specialized structures in epithelial surfaces. Nutrition. Innervation. Renewal and regeneration of epithelia. General classification: criteria. Covering epithelia: classification, types and distribution. |
| Lesson 12. Epithelia II. | Glandular epithelium. General characteristics. Classification. Glands. Exocrine glands: structure, classification and function. Endocrine glands: concept, location, organization, cellular types and function. |
| Lesson 13. Connective tissue. | General characters. Origin. Functions. Classification. Connective tissue: cellular types and extracellular matrix. Types of connective tissue: mesenchymal tissue, mucous tissue, loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue, reticular tissue and elastic tissue. |
| Lesson 14. Adipose tissue. | General characteristics. Functions. Types. White adipose tissue: cytological characteristics, distribution, physiology and origin. Brown adipose tissue: cytological characteristics, distribution, physiology and origin. |
| Lesson 15. Cartilage. | General characteristics. Functions. Perichondrium. Cells. Matrix. Histogenesis and growth of the cartilage. Types of cartilage: hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage and fibrocartilage. |
| Lesson 16. Bone. | General characteristics. Functions. Periosteum and endosteum. Bone cells. Bone matrix. Bone organization. Classification of bone: primary and secondary bone. Macroscopic structure: spongy bone and compact bone. Microscopic structure of the bone: lamellae and osteons. Histogenesis of bone: general considerations. Intramembranous bone formation and endochondral bone formation. |
| Lesson 17. Blood. | General characteristics. Functions. Constituents. Plasma. Formed elements of blood. Erythrocytes. Leukocytes: granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils) and agranulocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). Platelets. Structure and function. Hemopoiesis: concept. Bone marrow and blood cells formation. |
| Lesson 18. Introduction to the immune system. | General characteristics. Components (types): innate immune system and adaptive immune system. Cells of the immune system. Antibodies (immunoglobulins). Complement system. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity. |
| Lesson 19. Muscle I. | General characteristics. Types and functions. Skeletal muscle. Organization. Skeletal muscle cell (fiber): structure. Myofibrils. Neuromuscular junction. Contraction. |
| Lesson 20. Muscle II. | Cardiac muscle and smooth muscle. Cardiac muscle: general features. Structure of the cardiac muscle cells. Intercalated disks. Regulation. Smooth muscle: general characteristics. Structure of the smooth muscle cells. Regulation. Organization. Distribution. |
| Lesson 21. Nervous tissue I. | General characteristics and cells of nervous tissue. Organization. Neuron: structure, function and classification. Neuroglial cells: general characteristics, types, origin and function. Central neuroglial cells: types, structure and function. Peripheral neuroglial cells: types, structure and function. |
| Lesson 22. Nervous tissue II. | Nerve fibers and nervous impulse. Nerve fibers: generalities and classification. Amielinic nerve fibres. Mielinic nerve fibres: generalities. Structure and formation of myelin sheath. Peripheral nerves. Synapses: concept and classification. |
| Practical sessions |
-Tissue preparation -Plant epidermis -Leaf structure (in dicots) -Stem structure: stems in primary and secondary growth -Root structure: primary roots in monocot and dicots -Epithelial and connective tissues (in pancreas, thyroid and trachea sections) -Bone: compact bone and endochondral bone formation -Blood -Striated and smooth muscle tissues -Nervous system: neurons and neuroglia cells in vertebrate central nervous system sections |
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