|
Teaching GuideTerm Faculty of Science |
| Grao en Bioloxía |
 Subjects |
| Animal Physiology II |
| Contents |
|
|
|
| Identifying Data | 2020/21 | |||||||||||||
| Subject | Animal Physiology II | Code | 610G02036 | |||||||||||
| Study programme |
|
|||||||||||||
| Descriptors | Cycle | Period | Year | Type | Credits | |||||||||
| Graduate | 2nd four-month period |
Third | Obligatory | 6 | ||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||
| Topic | Sub-topic |
| REGULATORY SYSTEMS. Nervous System. Units 1 to 3. Overview, types, organization and function. Nervous System of Vertebrates. Interneuronal communication. Synapses. |
Unit 1.- General functions and characteristics of the nervous system: the nervous system as information integrator. Anatomical synopsis and nervous systems types. Cellular organization of the nervous system. Types of nerve cells. Citophysiology of neuron and glia cells. Unit 2.- The Nervous System of Vertebrates. 1) Central Nervous System (CNS) the spinal cord and brain. Levels of integration. 2) Peripheral SN: afferent and efferent pathways. 2.1.) Somatic Nervous System (SNS). 2.2) Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): sympathetic division and parasympathetic division. Functional characteristics of each division. Neurotransmitters and Receptors. Autonomic reflex arc. Organs stimulation by the ANS. Control of integration processes: regulation of SNA by SN Central. Unit 3.- Interneuronal communication: synapses. Electrical synapses. Chemical synapses. The neuromuscular junction. Excitation and inhibition. functional associations of neurons. Neurotransmitters: types and functional characteristics. |
| Sensory Physiology: Units 4-9. Sensory Receptors. Concept, types and features. Somatic sensitivity. Photoreception. Phonoreception. Chemoreception. |
Unit 4.- Sensory systems. Sensory Receptors: concept and features. Receptor types and general properties of the receptor organs: specificity and adaptation. Receptor potential. Unit 5.- Somatic sensitivity (I). Tactile receptors: touch, pressure and vibration sensations. Thermoreceptors and temperature sensitivity. Pain reception: physiological basis and receptors. Mechanisms of analgesia. Sensory pathways of the Central Nervous System: Posterior column pathway. Spinothalamic pathway. Unit 6.- Somatic Sensitivity (II). Position sense or proprioception. Muscle and joint receptors, muscle spindle and Golgi organ. Invertebrate proprioception. Position and balance control. Statocysts. Vestibular organs and receptors. Unit 7.- Photoreception. Basic types of photoreceptors. Photoreception and orientation to light in invertebrates. Ocelli. The compound eye of arthropods. The vertebrate eye. Anatomophysiology of the retina. Receptor cells and nerve cells. Mechanism of light transduction by the visual pigments. Analysis of visual information. Receptive fields. Neural integration of information. The perception of colors. Unit 8.-Phonoreception. Perception and production of sounds by Invertebrates. Anatomy of the auditory system of Vertebrates. Organ of Corti and receptor cells. Transduction of sounds. Neural pathway and hearing information processing. The basilar membrane and the perception of frecuencies. The mechanism of Echolocation. Groups of animals with echolocation. Special anatomical structures. Evolutionary perspective. The lateral line. Features and receptor cells. Main functions and perception of the environment. Unit 9.- Chemoreception. The general chemical sense. Physiology of Taste. Physiology of Smell. Chemoreception in aquatic animals. |
| Effectors and motor coordination: Units 10 to 12. Skeletal muscle. Contraction mechanism. Smooth and cardiac muscle. Spinal cord and cortical movement control. Motor control by the brainstem, basal ganglia and cerebellum. Other effectors: bioelectricity and bioluminescence. | Unit 10.-Physiology of movement (I). Effectors. Muscle fiber as base of movement. Structure and function of muscle. Sliding filament theory. Contraction mechanism. Physiochemistry of skeletal muscle fiber contraction. Excitation- contraction coupling. Smooth muscle physiology. Cardiac muscle physiology. Unit 11.- Physiology of movement (II). Motility. Levels of coordination. Integration of muscle activity in the spinal cord: the reflex arc. Types of reflexes. Cortical control of muscle activity: pyramidal tract. Extrapyramidal tract. Brainstem. Basal ganglia. The cerebellum and the movement control. Unit 12.- Other effectors: bioelectricity and bioluminescence. Electric organs and electroreception: functional significance. Mechanisms of light output: luminescent organs and structures. Symbiotic bacteria; intra and extracellular luminescence. Functional significance of bioluminescence. |
| REGULATORY SYSTEMS. Endocrine system. Units 13 to 22. Chemical communication. Endocrine glands and tissues. Hormones. Functions and regulation. Endocrine control of reproduction. |
Unit 13.- The Endocrine System and its role in the homeostasis regulation. Mechanisms of chemical regulation. Chemical messengers: Hormones. Endocrine glands and tissues. Classification and types of hormones. Mechanisms of hormonal action. Neurosecretion. Neuroendocrine integration. Unit 14.- General organization of the pituitary. Adenohypophysis: synthesis, secretion and function of the anterior pituitary hormones. Growth hormone (GH). The hypothalamus-pituitary system. Hypothalamic control of the adenohypophysis: hypothalamic hormones. Neurohypophysis: synthesis, secretion and function of neurohypophyseal hormones. antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin. Unit 15.- The intermediate lobe of the pituitary and the physiology of color changes: the stimulating melanophores hormone MSH. Pineal gland: synthesis, secretion and function of melatonin. Pigmentary effector cells: physiology of color changes and regulatory factors. Types of chromatophores. Unit 16.- Thyroid Gland. Thyroid hormones. Main actions of thyroid hormones. Effects on metabolism. Involvement in the thermogenic response. Other effects of thyroid hormones. Regulation of secretion. Unit 17.-Calcium metabolism and bone formation. Parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin (CA) and cholecalciferol (D3). The thymus gland. Unit 18.- Adrenal glands. 1) Adrenal cortex: glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, adrenal androgens and estrogens. Functions of glucocorticoids. Regulation of secretion. Mineralocorticoid: Aldosterone. 2) Adrenal medulla: synthesis, secretion and function of catecholamines. Unit 19.- Endocrine pancreas: insulin, glucagon and somatostatin. Functions. Regulation of secretion. Importance of regulation of glycemia. Unit 20.- Endocrine systems of Invertebrates. General model of the endocrine system of Invertebrates. Endocrine mechanisms and processes under hormonal control: endocrine control of development and molting by Insects. Unit 21.-Endocrine control of reproduction (I). Sex hormones. Prenatal sexual differentiation of the genital tract. Male reproductive system and testicular androgens. Female reproductive system. Ovarian hormones and their regulation. Female reproductive cycles: ovarian cycle and uterine cycle. Unit 22.- Endocrine control of reproduction (II). Fertilization. Pregnancy and hormones during pregnancy. Birth: mechanical factors and hormonal factors. Lactation and its homonal control. |
|
